To Index| Group | Where | Number of Adherents |
% of total pop. |
Number of congreg./ churches/ units |
Number of countries |
Year | Source | Quote/ Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hinduism | India | 453,000,000 | 82.88% | - | - | 1971 | *LINK* web site: Invest India; web page: Religions of India (viewed 16 Jan. 1999) | "The 1971 census produced the following statistics: 453 million Hindu; 61 million Muslim; 14 million Christian; 10 million Sikh; 3.8 million Buddhist; 2.6 million Jain; 2.2 million Parsis, Jews and others " |
| Hinduism | India | 485,000,000 | 85.09% | - | - | 1972 | Raman, T. A. India; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Fideler Company (1972), pg. 44, 49. | Pg. 44: "The population of the Republic of India is about 570 million... "; Pg. 49: "The Hindus are the most numerous of the peoples of India... There are about 485 million Hindus in India. " |
| Hinduism | India | - | 85.00% | - | - | 1979 | Edmonds, I.G. Hinduism; New York: Franklin Watts (1979), pg. 51. | "The majority of Hindus live in India, which is 85% Hindu. " |
| Hinduism | India | - | 83.08% | - | - | 1981 | *LINK* "News in Brief " in Hinduism Today International (Feb.1996: Vol. 18, No. 2) | NDIA'S RELATIVE HINDU population dropped by 0.68% according to a 1995 Census Commissioner's report based on 1991 census data. In 1981 Hindus comprised 83.08% of India and only 82.41% in 1991--a result of a higher growth rate among other communities. |
| Hinduism | India | 547,000,000 | 79.00% | - | - | 1984 | Bishop, Peter & Michael Darton (editors). The Encyclopedia of World Faiths: An Illustrated Survey of the World's Living Faiths. New York: Facts on File Publications (1987), pg. 186. | "Of the 700 million inhabitants of the Republic of India in 1984 more than 547 million (or 79 per cent of the total population) were Hindus. " |
| Hinduism | India | 595,000,000 | - | - | - | 1986 | Pastva, Loretta. Great Religions of the World; Winona, Minnesota: Saint Mary's Press, Christian Brothers Publications (1995) [9th printing. 1st printing in 1986], pg. 73. | "Hinduism today is the religion of 85% of the nearly 700 million people of India. " |
| Hinduism | India | 600,000,000 | - | - | - | 1989 | *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: Global Prayer Digest 7/29/89); (viewed Aug. 1998; now restricted.) | "PRAY FOR THE 600,000,000 HINDUS OF INDIA " |
| Hinduism | India | - | 82.41% | - | - | 1991 | *LINK* "News in Brief " in Hinduism Today International (Feb.1996: Vol. 18, No. 2) | NDIA'S RELATIVE HINDU population dropped by 0.68% according to a 1995 Census Commissioner's report based on 1991 census data. In 1981 Hindus comprised 83.08% of India and only 82.41% in 1991--a result of a higher growth rate among other communities. |
| Hinduism | India | 700,000,000 | 83.00% | - | - | 1991 | Neusner, Jacob (ed). World Religions in America: An Introduction; Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press (1994); pg. 179. | Table: "breakdown of major religions in India, according to the population totals of the 1991 census, is roughly as follows " |
| Hinduism | India | - | 85.00% | - | - | 1991 | Wolpert, Stanley. India. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (1991), pg. 72. | "Most of the world's Hindus inhabit India, representing about 85% of her population. " |
| Hinduism | India | 760,000,000 | 85.00% | - | - | 1992 | *LINK* "Hindu Timeline #5 " in Hinduism Today International (Dec. 1994) | 1992: World population is 5.2 billion; 17% or 895 million, live in India. Of these, 85%, or 760 million, are Hindu. |
| Hinduism | India | - | 83.00% | - | - | 1992 | Goring, Rosemary (ed). Larousse Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions (Larousse: 1994) pg. 581-584. | Table: "Population Distribution of Major Beliefs "; "Figures have been compiled from the most accurate recent available information and are in most cases correct to the nearest 1% " |
| Hinduism | India | 650,000,000 | - | - | - | 1993 | O'Brien, J. & M. Palmer. The State of Religion Atlas. Simon & Schuster: New York (1993). Pg 24-25. | map |
| Hinduism | India | 753,580,032 | 82.00% | - | - | 1994 | *LINK* Web site: "Council for World Mission "; web page: "India (CNI)/Church of North India (CNI) " (viewed 31 May 1999). | "Country information: Population (1994 United Nations estimate): 919 million... Main religions: Hinduism (82%), Islam (11%), Christianity (2%), Sikhism (2%)? " |
| Hinduism | India | 765,000,000 | - | - | - | 1996 | 1997 Britannica Book of the Year. Pg. 781-783. | Table: "Religion ": Divided by nations, with 2 columns: "Religious affiliation " & "1996 pop. " [of that religion]. Based on best avail. figures, whether census data, membership figures or estimates by analysts, as % of est. 1996 midyear pop. |
| Hinduism | India | 700,000,000 | 82.00% | - | - | 1996 | Halverson, Dean C. (ed.) The Compact Guide to World Religions; Colorado Springs, Colorado: International Students Inc. (1996). [Publisher is an Evangelical missionary organization.] Pg. 87. | "The vast majority of Hindus--some 700 million--live in India, where they account for 82% of the population. " |
| Hinduism | India | 751,000,000 | - | - | - | 1997 | Ash, Russell. The Top 10 of Everything, DK Publishing, Inc.: New York (1997), pg. 160-161. | List: "Top 10 Largest Hindu Populations in the World "; (Rank: 1) |
| Hinduism | India | 650,000,000 | - | - | - | 1997 | Breuilly, Elizabeth, et al. Religions of the World: The Illustrated Guide to Origins, Beliefs, Traditions & Festivals. Facts on File Inc.: New York, NY (1997). Pg. 10-11. | "There are nearly 750 million Hindus worldwise, almost all living in southern Asia. In INdia, where the Hindu religion began, there are 650 million Hindus. " |
| Hinduism | India | 773,426,560 | 80.00% | - | - | 1997 | *LINK* CIA World Factbook web site (viewed Aug. 1998) | Hindu 80%, Muslim 14%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains 0.5%, other 0.4%; Total Population: 966,783,171. |
| Hinduism | India | 800,000,000 | - | - | - | 1997 | Koul, Sudha. Come with Me to India On a Wonderful Voyage Through Time; Pennington, NJ: Cashmir, Inc. (1997), pg. 89. | "Hindus constitute the largest religious group in India and number well over 800 million. " |
| Hinduism | India | 798,000,000 | 84.00% | - | - | 1997 | Russell, Malcom B. The Middle East and South Asia 1997 (The World Today Series). Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications (1997), pg. 77. | Estimates of % of population in principal religions, & est. 1997 total pop. |
| Hinduism | India | 814,632,960 | - | - | - | 1998 | Ash, Russell. The Top 10 of Everything 1999. New York: DK Publishing (1998), pg. 77. | Table: "Top 10 Largest Hindu Populations in the World "; Rank: #1 |
| Hinduism | India | 752,000,000 | 80.00% | - | - | 1998 | Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 3 - Asia & Oceania. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development (1998), pg. 287. | "Location: India; Population: About 940 million; Religion: Hinduism (80%); Islam (14%); Christianity (2.4%); Sikhism (2%); Buddhism (0.7%); Jainism (0.5%)... " |
| Hinduism | India | 800,000,000 | - | - | - | 1998 | McCourt, Frank. "God in America " in Life (Dec. 1998), pg. 62. | "About 80% of India's one billion people consider themselves Hindus; there are perhaps 30 million Hindus elsewhere, including a million in the U.S. " |
| Hinduism | India | - | 79.00% | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Nazarene web site: Nazarene World Mission Society; (major source: Johnstone's Operation World) | Table "Religions "; total population: 904,800,000 |
| Hinduism | India | - | 75.00% | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* web site: "Monday Morning Reality Check " (Protestant); web page: "The 'Right' India Strategy? " by Justin D. Long, 1998 (viewed 5 March 1999) | "About three-quarters of India's population are Hindus, 10% Muslim, and 6% Christian. " |
| Ho | India | - | - | - | - | 1981 | Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 707. | "South Asian Tribal Religions... Tribes speaking Munda languages and extending over parts of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Orissa include the Santal, Ho, Gadaba, Bondo, and Saora. " |
| India Association of General Baptists | India | 10,300 | - | 121 units |
- | 1998 | *LINK* Baptist World Alliance web site; page: "BWA Statistics " (viewed 31 March 1999). | "Figures are for BWA affiliated conventions/unions only (no independents included). "; Table with 3 columns: Country, "Churches ", & "Members "; "1997/1998 Totals " |
| Islam | India | - | - | 1 unit |
- | 1150 C.E. | Peddicord, Kathleen (ed). The World's Best: The Ultimate Book for the International Traveler. Baltimore, MD: Agora, Inc. (1992), pg. 298. | "Ten miles south of Delhi is Qutb Minar, a 234-foot victory tower known as the Seventh Wonder of Hindustan... At the foot of the tower lies the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque. The first mosque built in India, it was erected in the 12th century on the foundations of a Hindu temple. " |
| Islam | India | 68,735,232 | 21.74% | - | - | 1921 | Ferm, Vergilius (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Religion; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1976), pg. 368. [1st pub. in 1945 by Philosophical Library. 1976 reprint is unrevised.] | Table: "The latest census gives the following enumeration of the adherents... " [1921 and 1931 figures.] |
| Islam | India | 77,677,544 | 22.16% | - | - | 1931 | Ferm, Vergilius (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Religion; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1976), pg. 368. [1st pub. in 1945 by Philosophical Library. 1976 reprint is unrevised.] | Table: "The latest census gives the following enumeration of the adherents... " [1921 and 1931 figures.] |
| Islam | India | 40,000,000 | - | - | - | 1950 | Zehavi, A.M. (editor) Handbook of the World's Religions. New York: Franklin Watts (1973), pg. 135. | "Islam... In most areas there are no exact censuses, but approximate figures for the mid-20th century are as follows, by major groups:... in Iran and Afghanistan, 27,000,000; in Pakistan, 66,000,000; in India, 40,000,000... " |
| Islam | India | 35,000,000 | - | - | - | 1957 | Welles, Sam. The World's Great Religions, New York: Time Incorporated (1957), pg. 11. | "While 71 million Moslems now live in their own state, Pakistan, which was carved out of India in 1947, some 35 million Moslems still remain in India... " |
| Islam | India | 40,000,000 | - | - | - | 1966 | Welty, Paul Thomas. The Asians: Their Heritage and Their Destiny (Revised Edition). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. (1966), pg. 124. | "The republic of India has a population of Muslims estimated at between 30 and 40 million. " |
| Islam | India | 61,000,000 | 11.16% | - | - | 1971 | *LINK* web site: Invest India; web page: Religions of India (viewed 16 Jan. 1999) | "The 1971 census produced the following statistics: 453 million Hindu; 61 million Muslim; 14 million Christian; 10 million Sikh; 3.8 million Buddhist; 2.6 million Jain; 2.2 million Parsis, Jews and others " |
| Islam | India | 50,000,000 | 8.77% | - | - | 1972 | Raman, T. A. India; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Fideler Company (1972), pg. 44, 48. | Pg. 44: "The population of the Republic of India is about 570 million... "; Pg. 48: "More than fifty million of India's people follow Islam... " |
| Islam | India | 80,000,000 | 13.00% | - | - | 1978 | Welch, Alford T. "Islam " in Hinnells, John R. (ed). A Handbook of Living Religions, Penguin Books: New York (1991) [reprint; 1st published in 1984], pg. 164-165. [Original src: Weeks, R. (ed.), "Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey " (1978).] | Table: "Approximate Muslim populations and percentages of total populations " |
| Islam | India | 72,000,000 | 12.10% | - | - | 1981 | Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 359. | "According to recent census figures [Islam] claims in Pakistan 63 million out of a total population of 65 million... and in India, 72 million out of 595 million... " |
| Islam | India | 100,000,000 | 12.00% | - | - | 1986 | *LINK* Web site: "Arabic Paper "; web page: "Muslim Countries of the World " (viewed 15 June 1999). [Written 1998.] | [NOTE: Unreliable statistical methodology.] "In 1986... Muslim Education Trust organization [U.K.] obtained... 1971 census & [info. from] Embassies of the respective countires... 1971 census showed the Muslim Minorities countries had around 308 Million Muslim.. "; "...add (784.5M [independent Muslim countries]+ 308M) = 1092.5 Million Muslims in 1971 "; Table shows country, "population " [number of Muslims in the country], & % Muslim. Total adds up to 317,391,000, so these figures are apparently intended to be estimates for 1986. |
| Islam | India | 90,000,000 | - | - | - | 1989 | *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: Global Prayer Digest 1/10/89); (viewed Aug. 1998; now restricted.) | "PRAY FOR THE 90,000,000 MUSLIMS OF INDIA. " |
| Islam | India | 92,000,000 | 10.90% | - | - | 1991 | Neusner, Jacob (ed). World Religions in America: An Introduction; Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press (1994); pg. 179. | Table: "breakdown of major religions in India, according to the population totals of the 1991 census, is roughly as follows " |
| Islam | India | - | 10.00% | - | - | 1991 | Wolpert, Stanley. India. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (1991), pg. 72. | "About 10% of India's population continue to follow the religion of Islam... " |
| Islam | India | - | 11.00% | - | - | 1992 | Goring, Rosemary (ed). Larousse Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions (Larousse: 1994) pg. 581-584. | Table: "Population Distribution of Major Beliefs "; "Figures have been compiled from the most accurate recent available information and are in most cases correct to the nearest 1% " |
| Islam | India | 101,090,000 | 11.00% | - | - | 1994 | *LINK* Web site: "Council for World Mission "; web page: "India (CNI)/Church of North India (CNI) " (viewed 31 May 1999). | "Country information: Population (1994 United Nations estimate): 919 million... Main religions: Hinduism (82%), Islam (11%), Christianity (2%), Sikhism (2%)? " |
| Islam | India | 93,000,000 | 11.00% | - | - | 1996 | Halverson, Dean C. (ed.) The Compact Guide to World Religions; Colorado Springs, Colorado: International Students Inc. (1996). [Publisher is an Evangelical missionary organization.] Pg. 103. | "...the four nations with the largest number of Muslims today are all outside the Middle East: Indonesia--166 million, 88% of the population; Pakistan--111 million, 97%, Bangladesh--97 million; India--93 million, 11%. " |
| Islam | India | 103,000,000 | - | - | - | 1997 | Ash, Russell. The Top 10 of Everything, DK Publishing, Inc.: New York (1997), pg. 160-161. | List: "Top 10 Largest Muslim Populations in the World "; (Rank: 4) |
| Islam | India | 135,349,648 | 14.00% | - | - | 1997 | *LINK* CIA World Factbook web site (viewed Aug. 1998) | Hindu 80%, Muslim 14%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains 0.5%, other 0.4%; Total Population: 966,783,171. |
| Islam | India | 104,500,000 | 11.00% | - | - | 1997 | Russell, Malcom B. The Middle East and South Asia 1997 (The World Today Series). Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications (1997), pg. 77. | Estimates of % of population in principal religions, & est. 1997 total pop. |
| Islam | India | 130,316,248 | - | - | - | 1998 | Ash, Russell. The Top 10 of Everything 1999. New York: DK Publishing (1998), pg. 77. | Table: "Top 10 Largest Muslim Populations in the World "; Rank: #4 |
| Islam | India | 131,600,000 | 14.00% | - | - | 1998 | Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 3 - Asia & Oceania. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development (1998), pg. 287. | "Location: India; Population: About 940 million; Religion: Hinduism (80%); Islam (14%); Christianity (2.4%); Sikhism (2%); Buddhism (0.7%); Jainism (0.5%)... " |
| Islam | India | 131,000,000 | 14.00% | - | - | 1998 | Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 3 - Asia & Oceania. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development (1998), pg. 548. | "Although only 14% of India's population is Muslim, the total number of Muslims in India is over 131 million, second in the world only to China. Muslims in India are concentrated in the areas adjacent to Pakistan and Bangladesh, on theplains of the Gangese Valley, and in the interior of the Deccan. " |
| Islam | India | - | 12.00% | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Nazarene web site: Nazarene World Mission Society; (major source: Johnstone's Operation World) | Table "Religions "; total population: 904,800,000 |
| Islam | India | - | 10.00% | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* web site: "Monday Morning Reality Check " (Protestant); web page: "The 'Right' India Strategy? " by Justin D. Long, 1998 (viewed 5 March 1999) | "About three-quarters of India's population are Hindus, 10% Muslim, and 6% Christian. " |
| Islam | India | 127,131,000 | 12.00% | - | - | 2000 | K. F. Bin Mohd Noor. "Muslims Statistics... for Year 2000 " [orig. src: Barrett. World Christian Encyclopedia, 1982] | Table |
| Islam | India | 120,000,000 | 12.00% | - | - | 2000 | *LINK* AP. "India Christians urged to form a national church " in Deseret News (21 Oct 2000) | "India, a nation of 1 billion people, is overwhelmingly Hindu. Muslims form 12 percent of the population... " |
| Jainism | India | - | - | - | - | -350 B.C.E. | Cavendish, Richard (ed.). Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural (vol. 11). New York: Marshall Cavendish Corp. (1970), pg. 1481. | "For some two centuries the Jains remained a small community of monks and followers. But in the 4th century BC they gained strength and spread from Bihar to Orissa, then so South India and westwards to Gujarat and the Punjab, where Jain communities became firmly established, particularly among the mercantile classes. " |
| Jainism | India | - | - | - | - | 1100 C.E. | Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 371. | "The period of the Mauryan Dynasty to the twelfth century A.D. was the period of Jainism's greatest growth and influence. Thereafer the Jainas in the South and Central regions lost ground in face of rising Hindu devotional movements. Jainism retreated to the West and Northwest, which have remained its stronghold to the present. " |
| Jainism | India | 1,220,000 | 0.48% | - | - | 1881 | Folkert, Kendall W. "Jainism " in Hinnells, John R. (ed). A Handbook of Living Religions, Penguin Books: New York (1991) [reprint; 1st published in 1984], pg. 272. | "...1881 census, Jains [were] 0.48% of India's total pop.; by 1941... stood at 0.37%. By the 1970s...the pop. percentage has nearly returned to its level of a century ago... a growth of nearly 1.5 mil. (from c. 1.22 mil in 1881 to c. 2.6 mil. in... 1971 " |
| Jainism | India | 1,452,105 | - | - | - | 1891 | Ferm, Vergilius (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Religion; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1976), pg. 385. [1st pub. in 1945 by Philosophical Library. 1976 reprint is unrevised.] | "...Jain pop. of India according to the 1931 census was 1,252,105... a slight increase over the 1921 census... of 1,178,596, but was nearly 200,000 less than the number in the census of 1891. " |
| Jainism | India | 1,178,596 | 0.37% | - | - | 1921 | Ferm, Vergilius (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Religion; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1976), pg. 368. [1st pub. in 1945 by Philosophical Library. 1976 reprint is unrevised.] | Table: "The latest census gives the following enumeration of the adherents... " [1921 and 1931 figures.] |
| Jainism | India | 1,178,596 | - | - | - | 1921 | Ferm, Vergilius (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Religion; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1976), pg. 385. [1st pub. in 1945 by Philosophical Library. 1976 reprint is unrevised.] | "The present Jain population of India according to the 1931 census was 1,252,105. This represents a slight increase over the 1921 census which revealed a Jain population of 1,178,596... " |
| Jainism | India | 1,252,105 | 0.36% | - | - | 1931 | Ferm, Vergilius (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Religion; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1976), pg. 368. [1st pub. in 1945 by Philosophical Library. 1976 reprint is unrevised.] | Table: "The latest census gives the following enumeration of the adherents... " [1921 and 1931 figures.] |
| Jainism | India | 1,252,105 | - | - | - | 1931 | Ferm, Vergilius (ed.). An Encyclopedia of Religion; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press (1976), pg. 385. [1st pub. in 1945 by Philosophical Library. 1976 reprint is unrevised.] | "The present Jain population of India according to the 1931 census was 1,252,105. " |
| Jainism | India | 2,600,000 | 0.37% | - | - | 1941 | Folkert, Kendall W. "Jainism " in Hinnells, John R. (ed). A Handbook of Living Religions, Penguin Books: New York (1991) [reprint; 1st published in 1984], pg. 272. | "...1881 census, Jains [were] 0.48% of India's total pop.; by 1941... stood at 0.37%. By the 1970s...the pop. percentage has nearly returned to its level of a century ago... a growth of nearly 1.5 mil. (from c. 1.22 mil in 1881 to c. 2.6 mil. in... 1971 " |
| Jainism | India | 1,700,000 | - | - | - | 1970 | Cavendish, Richard (ed.). Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural (vol. 11). New York: Marshall Cavendish Corp. (1970), pg. 1480. | "The religion of the Jains, or Jainas, an Indian community some 1,700,000 persons strong... " |
| Jainism | India | 2,720,000 | 0.47% | - | - | 1971 | Folkert, Kendall W. "Jainism " in Hinnells, John R. (ed). A Handbook of Living Religions, Penguin Books: New York (1991) [reprint; 1st published in 1984], pg. 272. | "...1881 census, Jains [were] 0.48% of India's total pop.; by 1941... stood at 0.37%. By the 1970s...the pop. percentage has nearly returned to its level of a century ago... a growth of nearly 1.5 mil. (from c. 1.22 mil in 1881 to c. 2.6 mil. in... 1971 " |
| Jainism | India | 2,600,000 | 0.48% | - | - | 1971 | *LINK* web site: Invest India; web page: Religions of India (viewed 16 Jan. 1999) | "The 1971 census produced the following statistics: 453 million Hindu; 61 million Muslim; 14 million Christian; 10 million Sikh; 3.8 million Buddhist; 2.6 million Jain; 2.2 million Parsis, Jews and others " |
| Jainism | India | 3,000,000 | 0.50% | - | - | 1978 | Rice, Edward. Ten Religions of the East. New York: Four Winds Press (1978), pg. 5. | "The Jains, who number not quite three million members out of India's six hundred million people... " |
| Jainism | India | - | - | - | - | 1981 | Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 310. | "Jainism had periods of great strength and royal patronage in various areas of India, and ocntinues today as the religion of a small but influential number of Indians. as a result of that early strength and continued presence, it has had considerable influence on the structure and thought of Hinduism. " |
| Jainism | India | 2,500,000 | 0.42% | - | - | 1981 | Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 359. | "...Jainism numbers only 2 1/2 million [in India]. " |
| Jainism | India | - | - | - | - | 1981 | Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 371. | "[after] twelfth century A.D... Jainism [mostly] retreated to the West and Northwest [of India], which have remained its stronghold to the present. " |
| Jainism | India | - | 0.50% | - | - | 1984 | Folkert, Kendall W. "Jainism " in Hinnells, John R. (ed). A Handbook of Living Religions, Penguin Books: New York (1991) [reprint; 1st published in 1984], pg. 256. | "The community [Jainism] at present includes only some 3 million persons (roughly one-half of 1 per cent of India's population); and its relative size has been small throughout its history. " |
| Jainism | India | 2,000,000 | - | - | - | 1986 | Pastva, Loretta. Great Religions of the World; Winona, Minnesota: Saint Mary's Press, Christian Brothers Publications (1995) [9th printing. 1st printing in 1986], pg. 82. | "Toda ere are two million Jains in India. " |
| Jainism | India | 3,000,000 | - | - | - | 1987 | Bishop, Peter & Michael Darton (editors). The Encyclopedia of World Faiths: An Illustrated Survey of the World's Living Faiths. New York: Facts on File Publications (1987), pg. 208. | "Jainism has remained largely confined to its country of origin [India]. There, it continues to be a living faith with more than 3 million adherents today. It is found in nearly all Indian states but is concentrated mostly in western India, Uttar Pradesh, Mysore, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. " |
| Jainism | India | 5,000,000 | - | - | - | 1990 | Fisher, Mary Pat & Robert Luyster. Living Religions, I.B. Tauris & Co.: New York (1990), pg. 94. | "Even within India (according to perhaps low government estimates) there are only four to five million Jains. " |
