Index| Group | Where | Number of Adherents |
% of total pop. |
Number of congreg./ churches/ units |
Number of countries |
Year | Source | Quote/ Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Judaism | Romania | 800,000 | 4.80% | - | - | 1937 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 161. | Map: "European Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust 1937-41 "; "Figures show Jewish populations in 1937 and percentage of total population. " |
| Judaism | Romania | 800,000 | - | - | - | 1937 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 220. | "Approximately 30,000 Jews still live in Romania, out of 800,000 before the war... " |
| Judaism | Romania | 350,000 | - | - | - | 1945 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 220. | "Approximately 30,000 Jews still live in Romania, out of 800,000 before the war and 350,000 at its end. " |
| Judaism | Romania | 30,000 | - | - | - | 1990 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 220. | "Approximately 30,000 Jews still live in Romania... " |
| Judaism | Romania | 14,000 | - | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Jewish Communities of the World web site (1998) | Table: World Jewry. "collected our data from from demographic and other academic studies, community reports, and up-dates in the general media... consulted with experts to verify findings before reaching our assessments and estimates. " |
| Judaism | Russia | - | - | 1,000 units |
- | 1917 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 218. | "Of the approximately 1,000 synagogues [in Russia] in existence in 1917... " |
| Judaism | Russia | 1,300,000 | - | - | - | 1937 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 161. | Map: "European Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust 1937-41 "; "Figures show Jewish populations in 1937 and percentage of total population. "; [Central Russia: 900,000 Jews; White Russia: 400,000 Jews] |
| Judaism | Russia | 2,620,000 | - | - | - | 1983 | Hopfe, Lews M. Religions of the World, Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York (1983) [3rd edition]; pg. 356. | "Recent statistics estimate that there are 14,435,900 Jews in the world. Three million are in Israel; 2,620,000 are in Russia; and 5,870,000 are in the United States. " |
| Judaism | Russia | 500,000 | - | - | - | 1992 | Geography Department (Mary M. Rodgers, series editor). Russia (series: Then and Now). Minneapolis, Minn.: Lerner Publications Co. (1992); pg. 26. | "Russia's Jewish population numbers more than 500,000. " |
| Judaism | Russia | 375,000 | - | - | - | 1995 | Breuilly, Elizabeth, et al. Religions of the World: The Illustrated Guide to Origins, Beliefs, Traditions & Festivals. Facts on File Inc.: New York, NY (1997); pg. 41. | 1995 Chart and accompanying text: "The third largest Jewish population is in France (550,000), followed by Russia (375,000), Canada (360,000) and then by Great Britain (294,000). " Numbers represent self-identified religious Jews. |
| Judaism | Russia | - | - | - | - | 1995 | Kort, Michael. Russia (series: Nations in Transition). New York: Facts on File, Inc. (1995); pg. 134. | "The religious revival extends beyond Christianity. Although Russia's Jewish community has shrunk as hundreds of thousands of jews have emigrated, mainly to Israel, Jews who remain in Russia have been restoring their religious life. Many Jews, long denied the right to learn anything about their religion and history, are attending schools, summer camps, and worshipping in reopened synagogues... " |
| Judaism | Russia | 1,450,000 | - | - | - | 1997 | Ash, Russell. The Top 10 of Everything, DK Publishing, Inc.: New York (1997); pg. 160-161. | List: "Top 10 Largest Jewish Populations in the World "; (Rank: 3) |
| Judaism | Russia | 460,266 | - | - | - | 1998 | Ash, Russell. The Top 10 of Everything 1999. New York: DK Publishing (1998); pg. 77. | Table: "Top 10 Largest Jewish Populations in the World "; Rank: #4 |
| Judaism | Russia | 550,000 | - | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Jewish Communities of the World web site (1998) | Table: World Jewry. "collected our data from from demographic and other academic studies, community reports, and up-dates in the general media... consulted with experts to verify findings before reaching our assessments and estimates. " |
| Judaism | Russia | - | 0.50% | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Nazarene web site: Nazarene World Mission Society; (major source: Johnstone's Operation World) | Table "Religions "; total population: 153,646,000 |
| Judaism | Russia: Lodz | 11 | - | - | - | 1793 | Ahlstrom, Sydney E. A Religious History of the American People; Yale University Press: New Haven & London (1973); pg. 971. | "Lodz, the Russian Manchester, was a village with 11 Jews in 1793; a city with 98,677 Jews in 1897 and 166,628 in 1910. " |
| Judaism | Russia: Lodz | 98,677 | - | - | - | 1897 | Ahlstrom, Sydney E. A Religious History of the American People; Yale University Press: New Haven & London (1973); pg. 971. | "Lodz, the Russian Manchester, was a village with 11 Jews in 1793; a city with 98,677 Jews in 1897 and 166,628 in 1910. " |
| Judaism | Russia: Lodz | 166,628 | - | - | - | 1910 | Ahlstrom, Sydney E. A Religious History of the American People; Yale University Press: New Haven & London (1973); pg. 971. | "Lodz, the Russian Manchester, was a village with 11 Jews in 1793; a city with 98,677 Jews in 1897 and 166,628 in 1910. " |
| Judaism | Russia: Moscow | 285,000 | - | - | - | 1982 | Charing, Douglas. The Jewish World. London, UK: Silver Burdett Co. (1983); pg. 14. | Graphic "City population comparisons "; New York: 1,998,000; Los Angeles: 455,000; Paris: 380,000; Tel Aviv: 335,000; Jerusalem: 298,000; Moscow: 285,000; Buenos Aires: 250,000 " |
| Judaism | Russia: Moscow | 200,000 | - | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Jewish Communities of the World web site (1998) | Table: World Jewry. "collected our data from from demographic and other academic studies, community reports, and up-dates in the general media... consulted with experts to verify findings before reaching our assessments and estimates. " |
| Judaism | Russia: Riga | 20,000 | - | 1 unit |
- | 1985 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 218. | "Of the approximately 1,000 synagogues [in Russia] in existence in 1917, barely 60 survived into the 1980s--in Riga in 1989, there was only one for 28,000 Jews--and most of these had no rabbis. " |
| Judaism | Russia: St. Petersburg | 100,000 | - | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Jewish Communities of the World web site (1998) | Table: World Jewry. "collected our data from from demographic and other academic studies, community reports, and up-dates in the general media... consulted with experts to verify findings before reaching our assessments and estimates. " |
| Judaism | Saskatchewan | 1,400 | 0.14% | - | - | 1991 | *LINK* web site: "Statistics Canada "; web page: "Population, by religion, 1991 Census " (viewed 9 Jan. 1999); Source: Statistics Canada, Catalogue no. 93-319-XPB. | table: "Population, by religion, 1991 Census "; Listed in table as "Jewish " |
| Judaism | Saskatchewan: Saskatoon | - | - | 1 unit |
- | 1998 | *LINK* web site: Saskatoon Free-Net:Religion (viewed 1998) | citywide religion directory for Saskatoon & area |
| Judaism | Singapore | 300 | - | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Jewish Communities of the World web site (1998) | Table: World Jewry. "collected our data from from demographic and other academic studies, community reports, and up-dates in the general media... consulted with experts to verify findings before reaching our assessments and estimates. " |
| Judaism | Slovakia | 6,000 | - | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Jewish Communities of the World web site (1998) | Table: World Jewry. "collected our data from from demographic and other academic studies, community reports, and up-dates in the general media... consulted with experts to verify findings before reaching our assessments and estimates. " |
| Judaism | South Africa | 118,000 | - | - | - | 1948 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 214. | "Since 1948, the Jewish population [in South Africa] has remained more or less static at 118,000. " |
| Judaism | South Africa | 120,000 | - | - | - | 1977 | Bermant, Chaim. The Jews. New York: NY Times Books (1977); pg. 242. | "...the one hundred and twenty thousand Jews of South Africa... " |
| Judaism | South Africa | - | 0.60% | - | - | 1978 | *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: OPERATION WORLD by P. J. Johnstone; STL Publications, P. O. Box 48, Bromley, Kent, England. Published in 1978.); (viewed Aug. 1998; now restricted.) | Total population: 26,100,000. Jews 0.6%. |
| Judaism | South Africa | 118,000 | - | - | - | 1981 | Unterman, Alan. "Judaism " in Hinnells, John R. (ed). A Handbook of Living Religions, Penguin Books: New York (1991) [reprint; 1st published in 1984]; pg. 25. | Map: "Figure 1.4: Main centres of Jewish population, 1981 " |
| Judaism | South Africa | 100,000 | 0.30% | - | - | 1986 | Stein, R. Conrad. South Africa (series: Enchantment of the World). Chicago: Childrens Press (1986); pg. 24, 32. | Pg. 24: "estimated 1986 population of South Africa stood at 33,185,000. "; Pg. 32: "There is also a Jewish community that numbers more than 100,000 people. " |
| Judaism | South Africa | 118,000 | - | - | - | 1990 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 214. | "Since 1948, the Jewish population [in South Africa] has remained more or less static at 118,000. " |
| Judaism | South Africa | 203,000 | 0.50% | - | - | 1994 | *LINK* Web site: "Council for World Mission "; web page: "Southern Africa (PCSA) " (viewed 31 May 1999). | "Country information: Population (1994 United Nations estimate): South Africa: 40.6 million... Main religions: South Africa: Christianity (76.7%)... Jewish (0.5%). Hindu (2.1%). Muslim (1.3%)... " |
| Judaism | South Africa | 70,000 | - | - | - | 1996 | 1997 Britannica Book of the Year; pg. 781-783. | Table: "Religion ": Divided by nations, with 2 columns: "Religious affiliation " & "1996 pop. " [of that religion]. Based on best avail. figures, whether census data, membership figures or estimates by analysts, as % of est. 1996 midyear pop. |
| Judaism | South Africa | 70,000 | - | - | - | 1997 | Ash, Russell. The Top 10 of Everything, DK Publishing, Inc.: New York (1997); pg. 160-161. | List: "Top 10 Largest Jewish Populations in the World "; (Rank: 10) |
| Judaism | South Africa | 130,000 | - | - | - | 1997 | Meisel, Jacqueline Drobis. South Africa: A Tapestry of Peoples and Traditions (series: Exploring Cultures of the World). New York: Benchmark Books/Marshall Cavendish (1997); pg. 25. | "Today, there are about 130,000 Jewish people in South Africa. They contributed a great deal to South Africa's economic, educational, and cultural life. " |
| Judaism | South Africa | 106,000 | - | - | - | 1998 | *LINK* Jewish Communities of the World web site (1998) | Table: World Jewry. "collected our data from from demographic and other academic studies, community reports, and up-dates in the general media... consulted with experts to verify findings before reaching our assessments and estimates. " |
| Judaism | South Africa - whites | 120,000 | 5.00% | - | - | 1977 | Bermant, Chaim. The Jews. New York: NY Times Books (1977); pg. 242. | "Until a decade or two ago the one hundred and twenty thousand Jews of South Africa seemed secure in a golden land which was partly of their creation. Although they formed only about five percent of the white population they enjoyed an influence and prosperity which was out of all proportion to their number. Their wealth is still intact but they have been immobilized... South African Jews have never been noted for their religious zeal. They treat their membership of synagogues as an affirmation of Jewishness rather than of Judaism. Zionism is the better part of their religion. No community gives more generously to Israel, and none has sent such a high proportion of its members to live there... Johannesburg Jews, in particular are to South Africa what Viennese Jews were to Austro-Hungary... " |
| Judaism | South Africa: Johannesburg | - | - | - | - | 1981 | Gibbs, Richard. Living in Johannesburg (series: "Living in Famous Cities "). East Sussex, England: Wayland Publishers (1981); pg. 39. | "Johannesburg is a city rich in religion... There are a number of Jewish synagogues, a sprinkling of Greek Orthodox churches and even a small Russian Orthodox church. " |
| Judaism | South America | 595,800 | - | - | - | 1981 | Popenoe, David. Sociology (5th Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1983). [Source: 1981 Britannica Book of the Year]; pg. 433. | Table: Membership in the Major Religions of the World " |
| Judaism | South America | 493,000 | - | - | - | 1982 | Charing, Douglas. The Jewish World. London, UK: Silver Burdett Co. (1983); pg. 14. | Graphic "World population of jews: "...1982. There are about 14.5 million Jews in the world now, which represents less than 1/2% of the world's population. " Pie chart: Israel 23%; North America: 41%; USSR: 14%; Europe: 10%; South America: 3.4%; Rest of world: 8.6% " |
| Judaism | South America | 585,800 | 0.23% | - | - | 1982 | Robertson, Ian. Sociology (2nd ed.); New York, NY: Worth Publishers (1981 2nd edition; updated since 1977 1st ed.). [Orig. source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year, 1982]; pg. 405. | Table: "Estimated membership of the principal religions of the world " |
| Judaism | South America | 89,600 | - | - | - | 1993 | O'Brien, J. & M. Palmer. The State of Religion Atlas. Simon & Schuster: New York (1993); pg. 28-29. | 0.7% of 12.8 million total world Jews. |
| Judaism | South Carolina | - | - | 2 units |
- | 1776 | Finke, Roger & Rodney Stark. The Churching of America, 1776-1990. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press (1992; 3rd printing 1997); pg. 24. | "Interestingly, although there were only five synagogues in the nation by 1776, Rhode Island, New York City, and Georgia had one each and two were in South Carolina. " |
| Judaism | South Carolina | 8,558 | 0.25% | 20 units |
- | 1990 | Glenmary Research Center. Churches & Church Membership in U.S., 1990. | By-county org. reports, figures from 'Churches' & inclusive 'Adherents' columns. [Listed as 'Jewish Estimate.'] |
| Judaism | South Carolina | - | 0.30% | - | - | 1990 | Kosmin, B. & S. Lachman. One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society; Harmony Books: New York (1993); pg. 88-93. | Table 3-1: Religious Composition of State Populations, 1990 (%). Self-identification of religious loyalty, phone survey w/ 113,000 people; by City U. of New York. |
| Judaism | South Carolina | 9,000 | 0.20% | - | - | 1995 | Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1997, 117th Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce (Oct. 1997). [Orig. source: American Jewish Year Book. New York, NY: American Jewish Committee (1995)]; pg. 70. | Table: "No. 87: Christian Church Adherents, 1990, and Jewish Population, 1995 - States "; "The Jewish population includes Jews who define themselves as Jewish by religion as well as those who define themselves as Jewish in cultural terms. Data... based primarily on a compilation of individual estimates made by local Jewish federations. " |
| Judaism | South Carolina | - | 0.00% | - | - | 2001 | *LINK* Kosmin, Barry A.; Egon Mayer; & Ariela Keysar. "American Religious Identity Survey. " 2001. City University of New York. | ARIS: Nationwide phone survey of 50,000 American adults; open-ended question: 'What is your religion, if any?'; Listed in table: "Jewish " [The study specifically asked follow up questions of self-identified Jews to separate non-religious ethnic-only Jews from religious Jews and Jews who self-identify with a religion other than Judaism. Statistic here refers to religious Jews only.]; Actual % between 0 and 0.5%, so sell was left blank. |
| Judaism | South Dakota | 135 | 0.02% | 4 units |
- | 1990 | Glenmary Research Center. Churches & Church Membership in U.S., 1990. | By-county org. reports, figures from 'Churches' & inclusive 'Adherents' columns. [Listed as 'Jewish Estimate.'] |
| Judaism | South Dakota | - | 0.20% | - | - | 1990 | Kosmin, B. & S. Lachman. One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society; Harmony Books: New York (1993); pg. 88-93. | Table 3-1: Religious Composition of State Populations, 1990 (%). Self-identification of religious loyalty, phone survey w/ 113,000 people; by City U. of New York. |
| Judaism | South Dakota | - | 0.10% | - | - | 1995 | Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1997, 117th Edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce (Oct. 1997). [Orig. source: American Jewish Year Book. New York, NY: American Jewish Committee (1995)]; pg. 70. | Table: "No. 87: Christian Church Adherents, 1990, and Jewish Population, 1995 - States "; "The Jewish population includes Jews who define themselves as Jewish by religion as well as those who define themselves as Jewish in cultural terms. Data... based primarily on a compilation of individual estimates made by local Jewish federations. "; [Fewer than 500 Jews] |
| Judaism | South Dakota | - | 0.00% | - | - | 2001 | *LINK* Kosmin, Barry A.; Egon Mayer; & Ariela Keysar. "American Religious Identity Survey. " 2001. City University of New York. | ARIS: Nationwide phone survey of 50,000 American adults; open-ended question: 'What is your religion, if any?'; Listed in table: "Jewish " [The study specifically asked follow up questions of self-identified Jews to separate non-religious ethnic-only Jews from religious Jews and Jews who self-identify with a religion other than Judaism. Statistic here refers to religious Jews only.]; Actual % between 0 and 0.5%, so sell was left blank. |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 2,500,000 | - | - | - | 1938 | Bermant, Chaim. The Jews. New York: NY Times Books (1977); pg. 235. | "In 1939-40 Russia annexed Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Eastern Galicia and Western Byelorussia, Bessarabia and part of Bukovina: the size of the Soviet Jewish population was doubled, to over five million. " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 5,000,000 | - | - | - | 1940 | Bermant, Chaim. The Jews. New York: NY Times Books (1977); pg. 235. | "In 1939-40 Russia annexed Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Eastern Galicia and Western Byelorussia, Bessarabia and part of Bukovina: the size of the Soviet Jewish population was doubled, to over five million. " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 4,000,000 | - | - | - | 1946 | Bermant, Chaim. The Jews. New York: NY Times Books (1977); pg. 235. | "In 1939-40 Russia annexed Lithuania, Latvia, [etc.]... Soviet Jewish population was doubled, to over five million. Nearly a million of them perished in the holocaust; and when the war ended the survivors found themselves facing new perils from the Soviet authorities themselves. " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 2,520,000 | - | - | - | 1970 | Carmody, Denise Lardner & John Tully Carmody. Western Ways to the Center: An Introduction to Western Religions; Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co. (1983). [Orig. source: Jacob A. Argus, "Judaism " in "Historical Atlas of the Religions of the World "; ed. I. al Faruqi. New York: Macmillan (1974), pg. 156.]; pg. 55. | "As of 1970, about 44% of the world's 14 million Jews lived in the U.S. Only 24% lived in Israel... 18% resided in the Soviet Union... " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 2,000,000 | - | - | - | 1970 | Time-Life Books. The Soviet Union (series: Library of Nations). Amsterdam: Time-Life Books (1984); pg. 79. | "They responded by attempting to leave the U.S.S.R. but they were refused exit permits until the 1970s, when some 250,000 of the nation's nearly two million Jews were finally allowed to emigrate. " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 2,700,000 | - | - | - | 1975 | Anderson, Norman (ed.). The World's Religions; Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. (1989). [1st pub. in 1950. 4th ed., completely revised, pub. 1975.] (Article: "Judaism " by H. D. Leuner.); pg. 88. | "Of the seventeen million Jews who lived in 1933, hardly eleven million survived the holocaust. Their numbers have since increased to 14.370 million, of whom some six million live in the USA and 2.7 million each in Israel and the USSR. " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 4,620,000 | - | - | - | 1977 | Bermant, Chaim. The Jews. New York: NY Times Books (1977); pg. 234. | "Of the fourteen million Jews in the world today nearly a third are in the Soviet Union and although no one in Russia is entirely free Jews are somewhat less free than others. They are a troublesome minority and an enigma both to the Russiand and, indeed, totheir fellow Jews. Given their isolation from the rest of Jewry, the suppression of all Jewish schools and cultural institutions, the rigorous indoctrination of atheism, and the dedication of a large part of Russian Jewry to socialism and the revolution, they should by now have faded out of existence, yet, they are, on the contrary, showing every sign of resurgence. " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 3,000,000 | - | - | - | 1981 | Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 41. | "One of the last remaining strongholds of anti-Semitism is the Soviet Union, whose three million Jews suffer discrimination and often persecution. " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 2,660,000 | - | - | - | 1981 | Unterman, Alan. "Judaism " in Hinnells, John R. (ed). A Handbook of Living Religions, Penguin Books: New York (1991) [reprint; 1st published in 1984]; pg. 25. | Map: "Figure 1.4: Main centres of Jewish population, 1981 " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 2,030,000 | - | - | - | 1982 | Charing, Douglas. The Jewish World. London, UK: Silver Burdett Co. (1983); pg. 14. | Graphic "World population of jews: "...1982. There are about 14.5 million Jews in the world now, which represents less than 1/2% of the world's population. " Pie chart: Israel 23%; North America: 41%; USSR: 14%; Europe: 10%; South America: 3.4%; Rest of world: 8.6% " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 1,575,000 | - | - | - | 1984 | Palmer, Spencer J. & Roger R. Keller. Religions of the World: A Latter-day Saint View, Brigham Young University: Provo, Utah (1990). [Orig. source: American Jewish Yearbook, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1987]; pg. 148. | Table: top seven countries of Jewish population in 1984 (USA, Israel, USSR, France, U.K., Canada, Argentina) |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | 3,000,000 | - | - | - | 1984 | Unterman, Alan. "Judaism " in Hinnells, John R. (ed). A Handbook of Living Religions, Penguin Books: New York (1991) [reprint; 1st published in 1984]; pg. 21. | "Today there are nearly 14 1/2 million Jews in the world. The biggest demographic concentration is in the U.S.A., with just over 6 million Jews, followed by the State of Israel (over 3 million), and then by the Soviet Union (just under 3 million). " |
| Judaism | Soviet Union | - | - | 60 units |
- | 1985 | Gilbert, Martin (ed.) The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. (1990); pg. 218. | "Of the approximately 1,000 synagogues [in Russia] in existence in 1917, barely 60 survived into the 1980s... and most of these had no rabbis. " |
